“Life finds a way.” To this famous line from Steven Spielberg’s film Jurassic Park, Taiwanese pteridologist Kuo Chen-meng supplies a footnote: “Ferns are perfect examples of how life will always find a way.”
Four hundred million years ago, woodlands were dominated by ferns. Their preponderance was later usurped by spermatophytes—first gymnosperms and then angiosperms. However, far from going extinct, ferns evolved stronger mechanisms that enable them to cope and thrive.